Outbred mice have more genetic diversity, are more robust, and produce larger. We therefore evaluated these parameters in the c57bl6j, 129svev and c3hhej mice. C57bl, easily the most widely used strain, used as the genetic background for a large number of congenic strains. The current paradigm for genetic monitoring of inbred strains of mice and rats at commercial rodent breeders and many academic institutions is based on various molecular methods. Evolutionary relationships between laboratory mice and. In almost all cases, the donor chromosome is the y. Click on the common strain name to view details on that strain. The imsr is a searchable online database of mouse strains, stocks, and mutant es cell lines available worldwide, including inbred, mutant, and genetically engineered strains. There are over 3000 genetically defined strains, including.
Genetic and phenotypic definition of laboratory mice and. Jul 30, 2007 university of north carolina school of medicine. Take advantage of our large inventories of common inbred strains and the convenience of having your breeding and drug efficacy needs met by the leading experts in mouse modeling. According to cellular fatty acid analysis, inbred mice within the same strain show rather uniform gm. Severity of group b streptococcal arthritis in selected. Eventually, the infection adults are asymptomatic, asymptomatically infected by inirnunity wanes at weaning. Pages in category laboratory mouse strains the following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. They can be placed back by allowing them to climb freely from the device into the cage figure 31. Hyperphalangy and polydactyly extra foot and toe bones occur at low incidence, hydrocephalus 4. Mar 06, 2006 mice play a critical role in medical research.
Laboratory mice are the same species as the house mouse, however, they are often very different in behaviour and physiology. Calhouns early crowding experiments, rats were supplied with everything they needed except space. Nomenclature for mouse strains the jackson laboratory. Brown for the international committee on standardized genetic nomenclature for mice. Transfer of single mice by hand for a short transfer of less than 23s, mice are gripped by the base of the tail, lifted up and carried to. University of groningen species and strain differences in. Visit the ordering information page for more information on the process of ordering mouse models from the nci mouse repository. A fair number of brother sister pairs have to be selected initially, because many of the attempts. A more severe problem in people working with mice has been observed for more than 25 years.
Clinical signs depend on the strain of virus and are most evident in infant mice. Jax mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. Most popular jax mice strains jax mice are the most published and well characterized mouse models in the world. Based on these studies, dba2, b6c3f1 and balbc mice are good choices for continued evaluation as additional mouse strains for use in the llna. Jul 30, 2012 the laboratory mouse, second edition is a comprehensive book written by international experts. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse 2volume set 3rd edition by mary f. In one lab in china, scientists have used new genetic editing technology to create thousands of strains of mice for testing. Genealogies of mouse inbred strains washington university genetics. The jackson laboratory handbook on genetically standardized mice. Genetic background determines mouse strain differences in. Mice can be stored in cages for future breeding, and the statistics of fur color are reported every time a pair of mice breed. The nutrient requirements of mice have been defined by several different criteria including growth, reproduction, longevity, nutrient storage, enzyme activity, gross or histo suggested citation. Inbred micemice of a particular inbred strain result from a mini mum of 20 consecutive generations. Additionally the laboratory mouse continues to play a widely publicized vital role in the human genome project.
There are advantages to using either outbred or inbred mouse strains depending on your research. Despite the long time of selective breeding in captivity, the natural behavioural pattern of the wild mouse although less prevalent still persists. These techniques have been developed and used by the jackson laboratory for nearly 80 years. Methodologyprincipal findings we measured by dry chemistry 26 analytes relative. Nioshtic2 publications search 20020862 comparison of. In laboratory mice, this is accomplished through inbreeding. Effects of strain, sex and age on immunophenotyping. A strain, in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are as nearly as possible genetically identical.
Breeding strategies for maintaining colonies of laboratory mice. As of january 1, 2014, the nia will no longer charge users for the biological resources, nor any related shipping fees due to a new interpretation of the regulations that govern contracting. Terms in this set 17 which of the following does not oversee research with laboratory strains of rats and mice. Agerelated reference intervals of the main biochemical and. The laboratory mouse is a small mammal of the order rodentia which is bred and used for scientific research. A model for minimizing cost for housing laboratory mice by rajat agarwal august 2003 chair. A new standard genetic map for the laboratory mouse. The jackson laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of jax mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. The following strains are currently being distributed from the nci mouse repository. In 1909, clarence cook little created the first inbred mouse strain, dba, at the bussey institute at harvard university while at the same time, helen dean king created the first inbred rat strain, pa, at the wistar institute jacob and kwitek, 2002. Selected blood serum biochemical indicators in twelve inbred strains of laboratory mice elzbieta wirthdzieciolowska1,3, jadwiga karaszewska1, tomasz sadowski2, kazimiera pysniak1, marta gajewska1 1 department of genetics and laboratory animal breeding, the maria sklodowskacurie memorial cancer centre and institute of oncology in warsaw. The result was a population boom, followed by such severe psychological. Chapter 1 the laboratory mouse mouse genome informatics. Development of the laboratory mouse began with pet fanciers who bred mice for their unique coat colors.
Addresses and phone numbers for each are provided in the appendix. Natural pathogens of laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits. Regardless of the level of llna response, all six mouse strains identified the sensitization potential of hca, tdi or dnfb. Selected blood serum biochemical indicators in twelve inbred. The jackson laboratory is an independent, nonprofit organization focusing on mammalian genetics research to advance human health. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse 2. Background although the mouse is the animal model most widely used to study the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases, reference values for biochemical parameters are scanty or lacking for the most frequently used strains. Pdf y chromosome and aggression in strains of laboratory. Frequently, these organisms cause no overt signs of disease. Consomic strains are a variation on congenic strains in which a whole chromosome rather than one local chromosomal region is backcrossed from a donor strain onto a recipient background. The case for genetic monitoring of mice and rats used in biomedical research. None of them have as long of an average lifespan as outbred mice. Jax mice strain collections the jackson laboratory. General characteristics, such as life span, litter size, fecundity, overall health, and behavioral traits vary from strain to strain.
A rating scale for wildness and ease of handling laboratory. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The laboratory mouse was derived from the common house mouse, mus musculus. Breed pure mice with known genotypes that exhibit specific fur colors, and learn how traits are passed on via dominant and recessive genes. Inbred strains of mice were used as disease models, long before the mouse genome project and transgenics. Wild mice have exogenous retroviruses and these are the historic source of some laboratory strains, including friend, moloney and rauscher fmr viruses. Jax mice are the highest quality and mostpublished mouse models in the world. Strains can be termed inbred if they have been mated brother x sister for 20 or more consecutive generations, and individuals of the strain can be traced to a single ancestral pair at the 20 th or subsequent generation. Pdf the laboratory mouse and wild immunology researchgate. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse mary f. Th ese techniques have been developed and used by th e jackson laboratory for over 75 years. Variation in the gut microbiota of laboratory mice is.
The cryopreservation mating scheme is 129s4 females x heterozygous males. When maintained as a live colony, breeder pairs were distributed as heterozygotes. Inbred strains, transgenic and congenic mice with inbred backgrounds are commonly used mouse models. They are the most commonly used mammalian research model and are used for research in genetics, psychology, medicine and other scientific disciplines. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse 2volume set 3rd edition. We found that cd1 mice had significantly higher corticosterone levels compared to bkw mice both before and after pairing. This phenomenon, also called laboratory animal allergy laa, is a form of occupational allergic disease and includes a great number of laboratory animal species to which people may develop allergic reactions.
Strains of laboratory mice more varied than previously thought. At the same time, if mice of an inbred strain were randomly assigned to a technician in a single lab, the scales could be used to rate skill. The mouse was used as a laboratory animal as early as 1664, when robert hooke used one in his studies of the properties of air3. Colonies of laboratory mice a jackson laboratory resource manual this manual describes breeding strategies and techniques for maintaining colonies of laboratory mice. The gestation period for laboratory mice is generally consistent within a strain but varies among. Within the scope of experimental work with rodents, mice are not necessarily regarded as a species with a strong drive to cooperate. A total of about 230 strains are listed here, but some of the more widely used strains have become divided into sublines among which there are detectable genetic differences. Typically, these include diarrhea, poor growth, and death.
Many of these strains are products of the most preeminent programs in biology today. Great differences in systemic and local cytokine production were evident among the mouse strains after injection of 1. Genetic monitoring of laboratory mice and rats sciencedirect. This wellillustrated edition offers new and updated chapters including immunology, viruses and parasites, behavior, enrichment. This paper expands the available strain data and provides a direct comparison of results between two rat strains and shows that it is worth considering age, sex and strain. Mice play a critical role in medical research technology. Th ey are safe, reliable, economical, effi cient, and ensure that the mouse strains produced are genetically well defi ned. However, many of the natural pathogens of these laboratory animals may alter host physiology, rendering the host unsuitable for many.
Jax mice strain collections the jackson laboratory is home to thousands of genetically engineered mouse strains from every region of the research spectrum. They are safe, reliable, economical, efficient, and ensure that the mouse strains. Every one who comes here and tries to handle mice gets bitten even by tame mice, because of grasping the tail too tightly. Most strain names for congenic mice carrying spontaneous and targeted mutations, as well as for a few strains congenic for histocompatibility loci, have not followed standard congenic nomenclature for historical reasons. The jackson laboratory for genomic medicine opens in farmington, ct. Recombinant inbred ri strains are sets of inbred strains created from sibmated f2 progeny produced by crossing mice from different inbred progenitor strains, such as c57bl6j and dba2j. The nia has long provided biological resources to the research community to facilitate research on the biology of aging. Behavioural measures provided evidence that, when paired, both strains of mice polarised into dominants and subordinates, with a higher overall incidence of aggressive acts in the bkw mice. Pdf y chromosome and aggression in strains of laboratory mice. Although genetically defined is often equated with inbred strains, a genetically defined strain is any strain in which the genetic background is known, is similar or identical from one mouse to another, and can be faithfully reproduced over time. Dont give mice nesting materials that separate into thin strands, e. Index of major mouse strains mouse genome informatics. The laboratory mouse handbook of experimental animals usp. Breeding strategies for maintaining colonies of laboratory.
A summary and overview of the mice and rats used in biomedical research, based on a survey of formal publications. Exogenous viruses are horizontally transmitted through saliva, milk, semen like conventional viruses, but no longer exist in laboratory mice. Fluorescein diffusion after intradermal injection of the dye in swiss, balbc and c57bl6j mice strains. Our mission is to discover precise genomic solutions for disease and empower the global biomedical community in the shared quest to improve human health. There are hundreds of established inbred, outbred, and transgenic strains. The laboratory mouse, second edition is a comprehensive book written by international experts. Laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits may harbor a variety of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal agents.
Jax mice are the most published and well characterized mouse models in the world. Mice are used in a vast range of experiments, many of which are classified as fundamental research, investigating the physiology of mammals. Th is manual describes breeding strategies and techniques for maintaining colonies of laboratory mice. Our most popular mouse models are available in the quantities you need to support your biomedical and drug discovery research. These fancy mice then became subjects for research due to interest in the mechanisms of inheritance of these coat colors. Mathematically, an inbred strain has a genetic similarity coefficient of as high as 99% which, if genetics has the predominant effect on gm, should lead to high similarity between the gm of these host populations.
In homozygous mutant strains, wildtype mice of the same background strain must be used as controls. One of the most timeconsuming activities in research laboratories is looking up information specific to the species or strain of animal being used. The basic inbred strain experimentstrain differences capture genetic differences. And, to create an inbred strain, a number of outbred mice are selected originally, then bred brother to sister for generations.
Most popular jax mice strains the jackson laboratory. Which of the following is not recommended to protect yourself from injuries or allergies while. Selected blood serum biochemical indicators in twelve. For much of the 20th century new strains of lab mice were created either by selective breeding or by chance.
Extensive uptodate references are provided throughout. The jackson laboratory was founded in 1929 in bar harbor, maine, by former university of maine and university of michigan president c. The laboratory mouse handbook of experimental animals. A relatively inquisitive and intellegent strain of inbred mice. The jackson laboratory, charles river laboratories, taconic farms, and harlan laboratories are the main suppliers. Beck 1,2, sarah lloyd 1,2, majid hafezparast, moyha lennonpierce 3. Along with other members of the order rodentia, rats and mice constituting the family muridae spread with man and his commerce from their origin in asia to all parts of the world. The goal of the imsr is to assist the international scientific community in locating and obtaining mouse resources for research. The c57bl6 mice are used for transgenic and knockout model development the wildtype c57bl6 mice are a good control, as well as, obesity and immunological studies. With inclusions of the newly revised european standards on laboratory animals, this will be the most current, global authority on the care of mice in laboratory research.
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